The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India has taken a significant step towards protecting human rights by addressing the persistent issue of manual scavenging. This practice, deeply rooted in social inequalities, violates the fundamental principles of dignity and equality. In a recent directive, the NHRC urged all States and Union Territories to implement key measures to eliminate this hazardous and inhumane practice, aligning with a landmark Supreme Court judgment.
Supreme Court’s Landmark Directive
A Call for Immediate Action
On January 29, 2025, the Supreme Court of India, in the case of Dr. Balram Singh v/s Union of India (2023 INSC 950), issued 14 directives aimed at eradicating manual scavenging and hazardous sewer cleaning. The Court declared a complete ban on this practice in six major cities—Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad. Despite these measures, reports indicate that manual cleaning of hazardous waste persists in certain areas, prompting the NHRC to act swiftly.
NHRC’s Recommendations for Change
Ensuring Compliance and Awareness
The NHRC has outlined several actionable steps to ensure the eradication of manual scavenging. These measures focus on awareness, compliance, and accountability:
- Spreading Awareness: Authorities are directed to widely share information about the prohibition of manual scavenging and the Supreme Court’s directives among local bodies, contractors, and the public.
- Training and Sensitization: Programs will be conducted to educate government officials, sanitation workers, and communities about the legal, social, and human rights aspects of this issue.
- Monitoring Systems: Robust mechanisms will be established to ensure real-time compliance and deter violations.
- Regular Reviews: Follow-up mechanisms will track progress, identify gaps, and hold authorities accountable.
The NHRC has also mandated that authorities submit an action taken report within eight weeks to monitor the implementation of these measures.
Why This Matters
A Step Towards Equality
Manual scavenging is not just a sanitation issue; it is a grave violation of human rights. It denies individuals their right to life with dignity and perpetuates caste-based discrimination. The NHRC’s proactive approach reinforces India’s commitment to constitutional values and ensures that every citizen enjoys equal protection under the law.
Key Facts About Manual Scavenging
- Manual scavenging involves the manual cleaning of hazardous waste, such as sewers and septic tanks, often without protective gear.
- It is a caste-based practice, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.
- The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, bans this practice and promotes rehabilitation.
- The Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment and the NHRC’s directives aim to enforce a complete ban and ensure compliance.
- Technological alternatives, such as mechanized cleaning systems, are being promoted to replace manual labor.