India is intensifying efforts to construct four hydroelectric projects—Pakal Dul, Ratle, Kiru, and Kwar—on the Chenab River and its tributaries in Jammu and Kashmir’s Kishtwar district, following a terrorist attack in Pahalgam and the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan. This development, critical for competitive exam aspirants, underscores India’s strategic push for energy security and water resource management amid geopolitical tensions.
Chenab River Overview
Geographical and Hydrological Features
The Chenab River, originating in the snow-covered Lahaul Valley of Himachal Pradesh, maintains high water discharge year-round, flowing over steep gradients with loops and bends ideal for hydroelectric power generation. Its basin has an estimated firm hydroelectric potential of 3,600 MW and an overall capacity of 11,400 MW.
Major Tributaries
Key tributaries up to Kishtwar include Thirot, Sohal, Bhut Nallah, Liddrari, and Marusudar, while Kalnai, Neeru, Raghi, Bichleri, and Ans join between Kishtwar and Akhnoor. The Tawi and Manawar Tawi merge with the Chenab in Pakistan. The river’s watershed spans parts of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir, covering districts like Kishtwar, Doda, Ramban, Udhampur, Jammu, and Rajouri.
Hydroelectric Projects
Project Details and Capacities
The four projects aim to boost India’s hydropower capacity: Pakal Dul (1,000 MW), Ratle (850 MW), Kiru (624 MW), and Kwar (540 MW). Pakal Dul, the largest, is a water storage project with a live storage capacity of 109 million cubic meters, enabling efficient water management. The others utilize run-of-the-river technology with limited storage.
Technological Advancements
Construction involves advanced technology, with the first Tunnel Boring Machine for Pakal Dul launched in July 2023, designed for challenging geological conditions to ensure efficient tunnelling.
Indus Waters Treaty Suspension
Strategic Implications
India’s decision to put the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance, driven by security concerns and the need for enhanced water control, allows expedited construction of these projects, particularly Pakal Dul. This move strengthens India’s ability to manage water resources independently, especially during scarcity periods.
Project Timelines and Costs
Completion Schedule
The Central Electricity Authority projects Pakal Dul and Kiru to be operational by September 2026, Kwar by December 2027, and Ratle by November 2028.
Financial Estimates
The projects involve significant investment, with Pakal Dul’s estimated cost at ₹8,112.12 crore, reflecting the scale and strategic importance of these initiatives.
Environmental and Geopolitical Implications
Regional Impact
While enhancing India’s energy security, these projects raise concerns for Pakistan regarding downstream water access, potentially altering water flow dynamics and impacting ecosystems and communities.
Balancing Development and Diplomacy
The projects highlight India’s focus on sustainable development and energy independence, but their geopolitical implications necessitate careful management to address environmental concerns and maintain regional stability.
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